Article 370 vs Article 35A – Comparison

This structured comparison distinguishes constitutional gateway functions (Article 370) from the derivative residency rights insertion (Article 35A) introduced via Presidential Order, clarifying doctrinal and operational differences.

1. High-Level Summary Table

Dimension Article 370 Article 35A
Origin Vehicle Constitution (Part XXI – Temporary & Special Provisions) Inserted by 1954 Presidential Order (C.O. 48) via Article 370(1)(d)
Function Type Procedural gateway enabling selective constitutional application to J&K Substantive residency rights & legislative competence allocation
Core Mechanism Presidential Orders with concurrence/recommendation logic Empowered state legislature to define “permanent residents” + confer linked benefits
Residency Domain Framework conduit (indirect) – did not itself define residency Direct residency rights conferral / restrictions pathway
Amendment vs Adaptation Debate Used adaptation + incremental extension to integrate Union provisions Critiqued for insertion route (Order vs Article 368 amendment)
Post–2019 Status Declared inoperative (C.O. 273) Rendered inoperative (linked enabling framework removed)
Litigation Focus Process legality, temporality, adaptation legitimacy Equality & procedural validity (insertion method)
Comparative Lens Procedural asymmetry case study Substantive differential rights construct

2. Origins & Instrument Pathway

Article 370 originated within transitional provisions enabling granular integration; Article 35A's pathway leveraged that gateway—embedding a residency rights carve-out through executive constitutional application rather than formal amendment.

3. Mechanistic Operation

4. Rights & Residency Impact

Article 35A concretely structured access boundaries (property, scholarships, public employment). Article 370's gateway design facilitated progressive convergence without immediate rights harmonisation, deferring collision until late-stage integration.

5. Litigation & Doctrinal Debate

6. Post–2019 Legal Landscape

Both provisions are non-operative; residency and property frameworks realigned to standard national constitutional baselines, with administrative instruments managing transition.

7. Analytical Distillation

Article 370 functioned as a time-distributed constitutional import mechanism; Article 35A was a targeted rights differential embedded through that mechanism. Distinguishing procedural gateway from substantive carve‑out clarifies why doctrinal defenses diverged.

Cross-Reference: Article 35A ExplainedResidency RightsJudgment Summary